Undergraduate Catalog
Biology
Chair: Greg Hermann
Administrative Coordinator: Joi Taylor
Biologists examine life on our planet from many different perspectives, from molecules to ecosystems. At Lewis & Clark, students explore the many facets of biological science through a diverse and innovative curriculum that encourages original thinking and provides hands-on experience at all levels of biological inquiry. From their first course, biology majors are immersed in the process of discovery, developing the skills of logical problem-solving and rigorous methodology that characterize modern scientific investigation. Students are not only introduced to facts, but to the theoretical underpinnings that define a particular topic and its relevance in today's world. Thus, graduates leave the program prepared for a variety of careers. Some pursue graduate studies and go on to become researchers, teachers, or health professionals. Others enter careers in law, journalism, education, or business. The concern of many majors for the health of our planet leads to environmental careers in academia or with governmental agencies, businesses, or private foundations.
The faculty in the Department of Biology believe strongly in the value of learning through experience, and most courses include laboratory sections that support students as they develop their own investigations.
Students are encouraged to spend at least one summer gaining research experience, either by working with a Lewis & Clark faculty member or through one of the many available research internship programs at laboratories and field stations throughout the country.
Special Programs
Biology majors may participate in research programs with biology faculty at Lewis & Clark or with research professionals at other local institutions. These opportunities are available to students who have a strong academic record. Two semester credits may be earned through BIO 244 Practicum if the student works under the close guidance of a faculty member; up to 4 hours per semester may be earned for BIO 499 Independent Study if the student has sufficient familiarity with research to work fairly independently on the design, execution, and interpretation of experiments.
Two interdisciplinary majors are available for students with interests linking biology with other disciplines: biochemistry/molecular biology and environmental studies. For more information, please refer to Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Environmental Studies in this catalog.
Resources for Nonmajors
Students majoring in other subjects may enroll in BIO 100 Perspectives in Biology, BIO 107 Field Paleontology of Oregon, or BIO 115 Explorations in Regional Biology, which have no prerequisites, or BIO 114 The Origins of Life in the Universe. These courses are designed to meet one of the General Education requirements in scientific and quantitative reasoning. Nonmajors may also take other biology courses for which they have met the appropriate prerequisites, but priority for enrollment in these courses is given to prospective biology, environmental studies, or biochemistry and molecular biology majors and pre–health professions students.
Facilities
Biology department resources used by students in classes and independent projects include DIC, fluorescence and time-lapse deconvolution microscopes, a climate-controlled greenhouse, and oxygen and carbon dioxide gas-exchange analyzers. Molecular biology laboratories are equipped for gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction, tissue culture, and protein-separation activities. Areas near campus such as Tryon Creek State Natural Area offer convenient sites for field studies.
Courses
BIO 100 Perspectives in Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: For nonmajors. Selected current topics in biology
used to illustrate the strengths and limitations
of the process of science and the approaches
biologists use to learn about living organisms.
Emphasis changes from semester to semester,
reflecting the expertise and interests of the
faculty member teaching the course. For further
information, consult the appropriate faculty
member before registration. Lecture and
laboratory. May not be applied toward the biology
major.
Prerequisites: None.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 107 Field Paleontology of Oregon
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Survey of fossil forms of organisms with emphasis
on animals and evaluation of the diversity of
known taxa. Introduction to field paleontological
methods and procedures with a focus on the study
of the local fauna over geologic time. Lecture,
laboratory, and field trips (including required
weekend field trips). May not be applied toward
the biology major.
Prerequisites: None.
Usually offered: Annually, summer only.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 114 The Origins of Life in the Universe
Faculty: Clifton, Loening, Safran, Tufte.
Content: Processes of stellar evolution and planet
formation that set the stage for life on Earth.
Theories and evidence from diverse scientific
disciplines on the origins of life and how
physical and chemical aspects of the environment
contributed to the emergence and transformations
of life forms. Scientific evaluation of the
possibility of extraterrestrial life. Attention is
devoted both to the processes and content of
scientific discovery. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory. Cross-listed with CHEM 114, GEOL 114,
and PHYS 114. Not applicable toward any major.
Prerequisites: CS 102, MATH 055, or equivalent.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 115 Explorations in Regional Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: For nonmajors. Offered in association with
selected overseas programs. Selected biological
principles using biomes and species native to the
geographical location of the program. Emphasis on
ecology and behavior of living organisms.
Classroom and considerable field experience.
Specific content varies from program to program;
details available from Office of Overseas and
Off-Campus Programs. Taught on Australia and East
Africa study programs. May not be applied toward
the biology major.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Acceptance to overseas program.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 141 Investigations in Ecology and Environmental Science
Faculty: Bierzychudek, Clifton, Kennedy.
Content: An introduction to principles underlying the
distribution and abundance of species. Examination
of how these principles can inform understanding
of issues like overpopulation, climate change,
invasive species, pollution, species extinction.
Introduction to the methods of scientific
investigation through laboratory and field studies
that describe ecological phenomena and test
hypotheses. Lecture and laboratory. Note: This
course is part of the Department of Biology's core
curriculum and is intended for biology majors,
potential biology majors, and environmental
studies majors. The curriculum is challenging and
requires a significant time commitment. Therefore,
nonmajors are encouraged to fulfill their general
education requirements by enrolling in one of the
perspectives courses in the natural sciences..
Prerequisites: CS 102 or MATH 055. Juniors and seniors need departmental
consent.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 151 Investigations in Genetics and Evolutionary Biology
Faculty: Autumn, Binford, Weissman.
Content: For majors. Introduction to the fundamental
principles of Mendelian genetics, population
genetics, and evolution. Principles of genetic
analysis in eukaryotes, including introduction to
gene function, mutations, and the origin of
variability in populations. Overview of
evolutionary processes. Laboratory focus on
genetic projects. Lecture and laboratory.
Prerequisites: CS 102 or MATH 055.
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 200 Investigations in Cell and Molecular Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Introduction to the biochemistry and molecular
biology of cells. Structure and function of
biomolecules. Introduction to metabolism and
photosynthesis in the context of the cell
structures in which these processes occur.
Introduction to gene expression and protein
localization in the context of genetically
modified foods and HIV infection. Project-based
laboratories on enzyme kinetics, molecular
cloning, and cell structure introduce students to
experimental design and data analysis in these
areas.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 (may be taken concurrently--contact the registrar
for assistance with registration). CHEM 110.
Corequisites: BIO-200L (required).
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 211 Land Vertebrates
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity. Ecological and
evolutionary processes that promote and maintain
patterns of form, function, and behavior of birds,
mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Lecture,
discussion, laboratory; field trips to explore
local patterns of diversity in natural settings.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151. MATH 115 or equivalent.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 212 Invertebrate Zoology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: The diversity of invertebrates, with emphasis on
the arthropods. Introduction to their structure,
development, behavior, natural history, and
evolutionary relationships. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory, field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 221 Marine Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Physical, chemical, and biological processes that
promote and maintain marine biodiversity.
Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms at work
within marine environments, with emphasis on
natural selection processes that produce specific
physiological adaptations, body types, and
behavioral strategies. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory; field trips to coastal habitats.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151. MATH 115 or equivalent.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 223 Plant Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Key concepts of plant biology, including
morphology, physiology, adaptations to life on
land, and ecological interactions with other
organisms. Emphasis on the roles of plants in
ecosystems and human lives. Key characteristics of
major plant lineages in the context of how plants
have become such a diverse and successful group of
organisms. Students conduct independent research
projects on various aspects of plant biology.
Laboratory; two weekend field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 244 Practicum
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Supervised practical experience in lab and/or
field techniques at Lewis & Clark or another
Portland-area institution. Consult department
faculty for further information. Credit-no credit.
May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing and consent required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 2.
BIO 252 Introduction to Neuroscience
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Study of the biological basis of behavior. Gross
anatomy of the brain, structure and function of
neurons, synaptic transmission. Exploration of
learning and memory, vision, neurological and
psychiatric diseases, addiction, and reproductive
behavior. Cross-listed with Psychology 252.
Students may not receive credit for both
Biology/Psychology 252 and Psychology 280.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and PSY 100, or one of these and permission of
instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 311 Molecular Biology
Content: Advanced study of the structure and function of
genes. Detailed analysis of the regulation of gene
expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms, with emphasis on the molecular
mechanisms underlying such biological problems as
iron homeostasis, HIV infection, and sex
determination. Discussions of original research
papers focus on experimental design and data
analysis.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120. .
Corequisites: BIO-312.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 312 Molecular Biology Lab
Faculty: Lycan.
Content: Introduction to molecular cloning techniques,
including the polymerase chain reaction, plasmid
construction, transformation, and DNA sequence
analysis. Students carry out a semester-long
project using these techniques to construct an
expression vector that is used to answer
student-generated questions.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO-311.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 2.
BIO 320 Human Genes and Disease
Content: The molecular and cellular basis of various
genetic diseases, the role of genes in disease,
how mutations arise, and approaches to therapy.
Ethical issues surrounding gene therapy and DNA
diagnostics. Lectures, discussion of papers from
the primary literature, and seminars by visiting
scientists. Students develop and present an oral
seminar on a disease of their choice.
Prerequisites: BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 335 Ecology
Content: Interactions between organisms and their physical
and biological environment. Ecology of
populations, communities, and ecosystems,
theoretical and empirical approaches. Through
reading original literature and designing their
own studies, students learn to conduct ecological
studies and interpret results. Applications of
ecological principles to conservation issues and
other environmental problems. Lecture and
laboratory; weekend field trip.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS
171. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 337 Environmental Physiology
Faculty: Autumn.
Content: How major environmental parameters such as
respiratory gases, pressure, temperature, and
radiation have influenced short-term
(acclimatization) and long-term (evolutionary)
alterations in the physiology of animals. Lecture
only.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, BIO 200, CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO 338.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 338 Environmental Physiology Lab
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Introduction to experimental methods in
environmental physiology and the scientific
process. Students work on open-ended experiments
using modern transducers and computer data
acquisition, develop strong science writing skills
by producing two short scientific papers, and
present results of an independent project at an
in-class symposium.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO-337.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 1.
BIO 343 Microbiology
Content: The biology of microbial organisms, particularly
bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Emphasis on key
aspects of microbial life, including growth and
physiology, reproduction and dispersal, and
interactions with the environment and other
organisms. Laboratory focuses on using a variety
of cultivation methods and molecular-based
techniques to assess microbial diversity. One
weekend field trip required.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 352 Animal Behavior
Faculty: Clifton.
Content: Animal behavior, from insects to marine mammals.
How and why animals behave as they do. Focus on
the adaptiveness of animal behavior using a strong
ecological and evolutionary theme. Methods and
results associated with animal behavior studies.
Lecture, readings in original literature,
laboratory, field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141. BIO 151. BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS 171.
CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 361 Cell Biology
Content: Application of the techniques of biochemistry,
microscopy, genetics, and molecular biology to the
study of cell structure, function, and physiology.
Membrane structure and function, signal
transduction, protein and organelle traffic within
cells, cell growth, division, and death. Lecture
and laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 375 Comparative Physiology
Faculty: Autumn.
Content: How different kinds of animals work and why they
have evolved to work the way they do. Body size,
metabolism, muscle, respiration, cardiovascular
function, acid-base balance, temperature,
osmoregulation. Common physiological principles
that transcend differences in evolutionary
history. Physiological adaptations to
environmental challenges. Constraints on
physiological evolution. Emphasis on recent
experimental discoveries and unanswered questions.
Intended for biology, biochemistry, and
environmental studies majors. Lecture and
laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor. MATH 131 or CS
171 or PHYS 141 recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 390 Evolution
Content: Study of the mechanisms responsible for
evolutionary change and of their results. History
of evolutionary thought, evolution of single-gene
and quantitative genetic traits, speciation, and
molecular evolution. Role of evolutionary ideas in
issues such as species conservation, medicine,
science-religion conflicts. Lecture only.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS
171. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 408 Phylogenetic Biology and Molecular Evolution
Faculty: Binford.
Content: Advanced study of theory and methods of
reconstructing hypotheses of evolutionary history.
Modern phylogenetics relies heavily on models of
molecular evolution, thus the course includes a
foundation of molecular evolutionary theory. We
discuss applications of phylogenies including
analyses of gene family evolution, the emergence
of infectious disease, biogeography, and
coevolution. The lab centers on computational
analyses.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. BIO 390, and either MATH 131,
MATH 255, or CS 171 are recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 412 Developmental Biology
Content: Multidisciplinary study of the process by which
multicellular organisms develop from a single
fertilized egg. Fertilization, cleavage,
gastrulation, early morphogenesis, and
organogenesis studied with an emphasis on the
molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms
underlying development. Discussion of current
research literature with critical analysis of
experimental design and data. Lecture and
laboratory. Laboratory focuses on genetic control
of development.
Prerequisites: BIO 311 or BIO 361, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 422 Neurobiology
Faculty: Weissman.
Content: The biology of the nervous systems of vertebrates
and invertebrates, with emphasis on cellular and
molecular approaches. Electrical signaling in
excitable cells, the physiology and biochemistry
of synaptic transmission, neuropharmacology. The
biological bases of learning, memory, and some
neurological disorders. Sensory systems and
neuronal development. Laboratory focus on
student-designed projects. Lecture and laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and BIO 200 or BIO 361. CHEM 120. PHYS 142
recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 462 Immunology
Content: The cellular basis of the immune response, with
emphasis on biochemical, molecular genetic, and
cell biological approaches. Generation of antibody
diversity. The functions of B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells. The
structure and function of proteins encoded by the
Major Histocompatibility Complex. Immunity to
infection, autoimmunity, and cancer immunology.
Lecture; reading and discussion of original
scientific literature.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and BIO 311 or BIO 361, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 490 Special Topics in Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Advanced study of current issues in biology, as
determined by student and/or faculty interest. May
extend existing areas of the curriculum or explore
new subjects. Offering contingent on student
interest and faculty availability.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4-5.
BIO 495 Biology Senior Thesis
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Yearlong field or laboratory research project
designed and executed by a student with guidance
from two faculty mentors.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Senior standing required. GPA of 3.500 in major and overall.
Approval of research proposal by department and two
supervising faculty members.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 3.
BIO 499 Independent Study
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Participation in a faculty-supervised research or
individual study project at Lewis & Clark or
another research institution. Requires approval of
research proposal and a written report. Further
information available on biology department
website. May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing and consent required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 2-4.
The Major Program
The biology curriculum at Lewis & Clark is built around a core of three investigative courses, each of which offers an opportunity for students to learn in depth about one important way in which biologists study living organisms. These three courses focus on ecology and environmental science, genetics and evolutionary biology, and cellular and molecular biology. By delving in depth into particular subdisciplines of biology, students can pose and answer questions about living systems—begin to function as biologists—very early in their college careers. In addition to the core courses in biology, majors are expected to complete at least a years study of chemistry and a college-level course in calculus, computer science, or statistics because biology draws on the techniques and knowledge from these other scientific disciplines. Students complete the major by choosing, with the help of their faculty advisors, the upper-division courses in biology that best serve their personal interests.
Major Requirements
A minimum of 43 semester credits in biology, plus courses in chemistry and mathematics, distributed as follows:
- BIO 141 Investigations in Ecology and Environmental Science
- BIO 151 Investigations in Genetics and Evolutionary Biology
- BIO 200 Investigations in Cell and Molecular Biology
- CHEM 110 General Chemistry I
- CHEM 120 General Chemistry II
- One of the following:
-
Six additional courses, at least four of which must have a laboratory component, at least four of which must be at the 300 or 400 level, and at least four of which must be taken at Lewis & Clark. CHEM 330 Structural Biochemistry and/or CHEM 335 Metabolic Biochemistry may be used as nonlab biology courses toward meeting this requirement, and CHEM 330 Structural Biochemistry and CHEM 336 Biochemistry Laboratory or CHEM 335 Metabolic Biochemistry and CHEM 336 Biochemistry Laboratory may be used as lab courses. The two semesters of senior thesis may be used as one lab course, but only if no more than one semester of biochemistry is also being used.
| MATH 131 | Calculus I | |
| MATH 255 | Statistical Concepts and Methods | |
| CS 171 | Computer Science I |
All Lewis & Clark courses intended to fulfill the requirements for the biology major must be taken for a letter grade. Majors are strongly encouraged to take additional courses in chemistry, mathematics, computer science, and physics.
Honors
Biology majors who have distinguished themselves academically by earning a GPA of at least 3.500 in the major and overall are eligible to participate in the honors program. In the spring of their junior year, students work with a faculty advisor to develop a research proposal, which must be approved by the department. Students carry out the experimental work in their senior year, preparing a written thesis and an oral presentation for the faculty during spring semester. The senior thesis may be used as one of the six upper-division biology courses required for the major. Students who maintain a GPA of at least 3.500 and who complete the program successfully in the judgment of the department faculty receive honors in biology on graduation.
Faculty
Kellar Autumn. Professor of biology. Physiology, biomechanics, evolution of animal locomotion. Ph.D. 1995 University of California at Berkeley. B.A. 1988 University of California at Santa Cruz.
Paulette F. Bierzychudek. William Swindells Sr. Professor of Natural Sciences. Evolution, ecology, conservation biology, especially of plants and insects. Ph.D. 1981 Cornell University. B.S., B.A. 1974 University of Washington.
Greta J. Binford. Associate professor of biology. Invertebrate zoology, biodiversity, evolution of spider venoms. Ph.D. 2000 University of Arizona. M.S. 1993 University of Utah. B.A. 1990 Miami University.
Kenneth E. Clifton. Associate professor of biology. Animal behavior, marine biology, ecology of coral reefs. Ph.D. 1988 University of California at Santa Barbara. B.A. 1981 University of California at San Diego.
Greg J. Hermann. Associate professor of biology, chair of the Department of Biology. Developmental genetics and cell biology. Ph.D. 1998 University of Utah. B.S. 1992 Gonzaga University.
Peter Gault Kennedy. Assistant professor of biology. Relationships of plants and fungi. Ph.D. 2005 University of California at Berkeley. B.S. 1999 Evergreen State College.
Deborah E. Lycan. Professor of biology, director of the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Program. Molecular biology, cell biology, ribosome biogenesis in eukaryotic cells, yeast genetics. Ph.D. 1983 University of Colorado. B.A. 1975 University of California at San Diego.
Wendy McLennan. Instructor in biology, biology laboratory stockroom coordinator. A.B. 1978 University of California at Berkeley.
Christopher Olson. Visiting assistant professor of biology. Ph.D. 2006 Iowa State University. B.A. 1995 Lewis & Clark College.
C. Gary Reiness. Associate dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, professor of biology. Cell biology, neurobiology, development of the vertebrate nervous system. Ph.D. 1975, M.Phil. 1974 Columbia University. B.A. 1967 Johns Hopkins University.
Tamily Weissman-Unni. Assistant professor of biology. Neurobiology. Ph.D. 2004 Columbia University. B.A. 1992 Pomona College.
Courses
BIO 100 Perspectives in Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: For nonmajors. Selected current topics in biology
used to illustrate the strengths and limitations
of the process of science and the approaches
biologists use to learn about living organisms.
Emphasis changes from semester to semester,
reflecting the expertise and interests of the
faculty member teaching the course. For further
information, consult the appropriate faculty
member before registration. Lecture and
laboratory. May not be applied toward the biology
major.
Prerequisites: None.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 107 Field Paleontology of Oregon
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Survey of fossil forms of organisms with emphasis
on animals and evaluation of the diversity of
known taxa. Introduction to field paleontological
methods and procedures with a focus on the study
of the local fauna over geologic time. Lecture,
laboratory, and field trips (including required
weekend field trips). May not be applied toward
the biology major.
Prerequisites: None.
Usually offered: Annually, summer only.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 114 The Origins of Life in the Universe
Faculty: Clifton, Loening, Safran, Tufte.
Content: Processes of stellar evolution and planet
formation that set the stage for life on Earth.
Theories and evidence from diverse scientific
disciplines on the origins of life and how
physical and chemical aspects of the environment
contributed to the emergence and transformations
of life forms. Scientific evaluation of the
possibility of extraterrestrial life. Attention is
devoted both to the processes and content of
scientific discovery. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory. Cross-listed with CHEM 114, GEOL 114,
and PHYS 114. Not applicable toward any major.
Prerequisites: CS 102, MATH 055, or equivalent.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 115 Explorations in Regional Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: For nonmajors. Offered in association with
selected overseas programs. Selected biological
principles using biomes and species native to the
geographical location of the program. Emphasis on
ecology and behavior of living organisms.
Classroom and considerable field experience.
Specific content varies from program to program;
details available from Office of Overseas and
Off-Campus Programs. Taught on Australia and East
Africa study programs. May not be applied toward
the biology major.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Acceptance to overseas program.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 141 Investigations in Ecology and Environmental Science
Faculty: Bierzychudek, Clifton, Kennedy.
Content: An introduction to principles underlying the
distribution and abundance of species. Examination
of how these principles can inform understanding
of issues like overpopulation, climate change,
invasive species, pollution, species extinction.
Introduction to the methods of scientific
investigation through laboratory and field studies
that describe ecological phenomena and test
hypotheses. Lecture and laboratory. Note: This
course is part of the Department of Biology's core
curriculum and is intended for biology majors,
potential biology majors, and environmental
studies majors. The curriculum is challenging and
requires a significant time commitment. Therefore,
nonmajors are encouraged to fulfill their general
education requirements by enrolling in one of the
perspectives courses in the natural sciences..
Prerequisites: CS 102 or MATH 055. Juniors and seniors need departmental
consent.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 151 Investigations in Genetics and Evolutionary Biology
Faculty: Autumn, Binford, Weissman.
Content: For majors. Introduction to the fundamental
principles of Mendelian genetics, population
genetics, and evolution. Principles of genetic
analysis in eukaryotes, including introduction to
gene function, mutations, and the origin of
variability in populations. Overview of
evolutionary processes. Laboratory focus on
genetic projects. Lecture and laboratory.
Prerequisites: CS 102 or MATH 055.
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 200 Investigations in Cell and Molecular Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Introduction to the biochemistry and molecular
biology of cells. Structure and function of
biomolecules. Introduction to metabolism and
photosynthesis in the context of the cell
structures in which these processes occur.
Introduction to gene expression and protein
localization in the context of genetically
modified foods and HIV infection. Project-based
laboratories on enzyme kinetics, molecular
cloning, and cell structure introduce students to
experimental design and data analysis in these
areas.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 (may be taken concurrently--contact the registrar
for assistance with registration). CHEM 110.
Corequisites: BIO-200L (required).
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 211 Land Vertebrates
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Terrestrial vertebrate diversity. Ecological and
evolutionary processes that promote and maintain
patterns of form, function, and behavior of birds,
mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Lecture,
discussion, laboratory; field trips to explore
local patterns of diversity in natural settings.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151. MATH 115 or equivalent.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 212 Invertebrate Zoology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: The diversity of invertebrates, with emphasis on
the arthropods. Introduction to their structure,
development, behavior, natural history, and
evolutionary relationships. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory, field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 221 Marine Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Physical, chemical, and biological processes that
promote and maintain marine biodiversity.
Ecological and evolutionary mechanisms at work
within marine environments, with emphasis on
natural selection processes that produce specific
physiological adaptations, body types, and
behavioral strategies. Lecture, discussion,
laboratory; field trips to coastal habitats.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151. MATH 115 or equivalent.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 223 Plant Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Key concepts of plant biology, including
morphology, physiology, adaptations to life on
land, and ecological interactions with other
organisms. Emphasis on the roles of plants in
ecosystems and human lives. Key characteristics of
major plant lineages in the context of how plants
have become such a diverse and successful group of
organisms. Students conduct independent research
projects on various aspects of plant biology.
Laboratory; two weekend field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141 and BIO 151.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 244 Practicum
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Supervised practical experience in lab and/or
field techniques at Lewis & Clark or another
Portland-area institution. Consult department
faculty for further information. Credit-no credit.
May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing and consent required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 2.
BIO 252 Introduction to Neuroscience
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Study of the biological basis of behavior. Gross
anatomy of the brain, structure and function of
neurons, synaptic transmission. Exploration of
learning and memory, vision, neurological and
psychiatric diseases, addiction, and reproductive
behavior. Cross-listed with Psychology 252.
Students may not receive credit for both
Biology/Psychology 252 and Psychology 280.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and PSY 100, or one of these and permission of
instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required, unless section number is
preceded by an "F."
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 311 Molecular Biology
Content: Advanced study of the structure and function of
genes. Detailed analysis of the regulation of gene
expression in prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms, with emphasis on the molecular
mechanisms underlying such biological problems as
iron homeostasis, HIV infection, and sex
determination. Discussions of original research
papers focus on experimental design and data
analysis.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120. .
Corequisites: BIO-312.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 312 Molecular Biology Lab
Faculty: Lycan.
Content: Introduction to molecular cloning techniques,
including the polymerase chain reaction, plasmid
construction, transformation, and DNA sequence
analysis. Students carry out a semester-long
project using these techniques to construct an
expression vector that is used to answer
student-generated questions.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO-311.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 2.
BIO 320 Human Genes and Disease
Content: The molecular and cellular basis of various
genetic diseases, the role of genes in disease,
how mutations arise, and approaches to therapy.
Ethical issues surrounding gene therapy and DNA
diagnostics. Lectures, discussion of papers from
the primary literature, and seminars by visiting
scientists. Students develop and present an oral
seminar on a disease of their choice.
Prerequisites: BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 335 Ecology
Content: Interactions between organisms and their physical
and biological environment. Ecology of
populations, communities, and ecosystems,
theoretical and empirical approaches. Through
reading original literature and designing their
own studies, students learn to conduct ecological
studies and interpret results. Applications of
ecological principles to conservation issues and
other environmental problems. Lecture and
laboratory; weekend field trip.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS
171. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 337 Environmental Physiology
Faculty: Autumn.
Content: How major environmental parameters such as
respiratory gases, pressure, temperature, and
radiation have influenced short-term
(acclimatization) and long-term (evolutionary)
alterations in the physiology of animals. Lecture
only.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, BIO 200, CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO 338.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 338 Environmental Physiology Lab
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Introduction to experimental methods in
environmental physiology and the scientific
process. Students work on open-ended experiments
using modern transducers and computer data
acquisition, develop strong science writing skills
by producing two short scientific papers, and
present results of an independent project at an
in-class symposium.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. CHEM 120.
Corequisites: BIO-337.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 1.
BIO 343 Microbiology
Content: The biology of microbial organisms, particularly
bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Emphasis on key
aspects of microbial life, including growth and
physiology, reproduction and dispersal, and
interactions with the environment and other
organisms. Laboratory focuses on using a variety
of cultivation methods and molecular-based
techniques to assess microbial diversity. One
weekend field trip required.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 352 Animal Behavior
Faculty: Clifton.
Content: Animal behavior, from insects to marine mammals.
How and why animals behave as they do. Focus on
the adaptiveness of animal behavior using a strong
ecological and evolutionary theme. Methods and
results associated with animal behavior studies.
Lecture, readings in original literature,
laboratory, field trips.
Prerequisites: BIO 141. BIO 151. BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS 171.
CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 361 Cell Biology
Content: Application of the techniques of biochemistry,
microscopy, genetics, and molecular biology to the
study of cell structure, function, and physiology.
Membrane structure and function, signal
transduction, protein and organelle traffic within
cells, cell growth, division, and death. Lecture
and laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151. BIO 200 or consent of instructor. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 375 Comparative Physiology
Faculty: Autumn.
Content: How different kinds of animals work and why they
have evolved to work the way they do. Body size,
metabolism, muscle, respiration, cardiovascular
function, acid-base balance, temperature,
osmoregulation. Common physiological principles
that transcend differences in evolutionary
history. Physiological adaptations to
environmental challenges. Constraints on
physiological evolution. Emphasis on recent
experimental discoveries and unanswered questions.
Intended for biology, biochemistry, and
environmental studies majors. Lecture and
laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor. MATH 131 or CS
171 or PHYS 141 recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 390 Evolution
Content: Study of the mechanisms responsible for
evolutionary change and of their results. History
of evolutionary thought, evolution of single-gene
and quantitative genetic traits, speciation, and
molecular evolution. Role of evolutionary ideas in
issues such as species conservation, medicine,
science-religion conflicts. Lecture only.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. MATH 131, MATH 255, or CS
171. CHEM 120.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 408 Phylogenetic Biology and Molecular Evolution
Faculty: Binford.
Content: Advanced study of theory and methods of
reconstructing hypotheses of evolutionary history.
Modern phylogenetics relies heavily on models of
molecular evolution, thus the course includes a
foundation of molecular evolutionary theory. We
discuss applications of phylogenies including
analyses of gene family evolution, the emergence
of infectious disease, biogeography, and
coevolution. The lab centers on computational
analyses.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, and BIO 200. BIO 390, and either MATH 131,
MATH 255, or CS 171 are recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 412 Developmental Biology
Content: Multidisciplinary study of the process by which
multicellular organisms develop from a single
fertilized egg. Fertilization, cleavage,
gastrulation, early morphogenesis, and
organogenesis studied with an emphasis on the
molecular, cellular, and genetic mechanisms
underlying development. Discussion of current
research literature with critical analysis of
experimental design and data. Lecture and
laboratory. Laboratory focuses on genetic control
of development.
Prerequisites: BIO 311 or BIO 361, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 5.
BIO 422 Neurobiology
Faculty: Weissman.
Content: The biology of the nervous systems of vertebrates
and invertebrates, with emphasis on cellular and
molecular approaches. Electrical signaling in
excitable cells, the physiology and biochemistry
of synaptic transmission, neuropharmacology. The
biological bases of learning, memory, and some
neurological disorders. Sensory systems and
neuronal development. Laboratory focus on
student-designed projects. Lecture and laboratory.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and BIO 200 or BIO 361. CHEM 120. PHYS 142
recommended.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 462 Immunology
Content: The cellular basis of the immune response, with
emphasis on biochemical, molecular genetic, and
cell biological approaches. Generation of antibody
diversity. The functions of B lymphocytes, T
lymphocytes, and antigen presenting cells. The
structure and function of proteins encoded by the
Major Histocompatibility Complex. Immunity to
infection, autoimmunity, and cancer immunology.
Lecture; reading and discussion of original
scientific literature.
Prerequisites: BIO 151 and BIO 311 or BIO 361, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years.
Semester credits: 4.
BIO 490 Special Topics in Biology
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Advanced study of current issues in biology, as
determined by student and/or faculty interest. May
extend existing areas of the curriculum or explore
new subjects. Offering contingent on student
interest and faculty availability.
Prerequisites: BIO 141, BIO 151, BIO 200, or consent of instructor.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing required.
Usually offered: Alternate Years, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4-5.
BIO 495 Biology Senior Thesis
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Yearlong field or laboratory research project
designed and executed by a student with guidance
from two faculty mentors.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Senior standing required. GPA of 3.500 in major and overall.
Approval of research proposal by department and two
supervising faculty members.
Usually offered: Annually.
Semester credits: 3.
BIO 499 Independent Study
Faculty: Biology Faculty.
Content: Participation in a faculty-supervised research or
individual study project at Lewis & Clark or
another research institution. Requires approval of
research proposal and a written report. Further
information available on biology department
website. May be repeated for credit.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Sophomore standing and consent required.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 2-4.
Programs of Study