Undergraduate Catalog

General Education Requirements

Director: Kundai Chirindo
Administrative Assistant: Dawn Wilson

Lewis & Clark’s General Education program is designed to spark students’ curiosity, encourage them to take intellectual chances, and push them to participate thoughtfully and passionately in a diverse and interdependent world.

In the first year, students take one faculty-led foundational seminar per semester. These small classes (19–25 students) are designed to help students develop the reading, writing, discussion, and analytical skills they will need to succeed in college and life. One of the two courses focuses on interpreting the meaning and significance of texts (CORE 120 Words), while the other focuses on interpreting quantitative information and models (CORE 121 Numbers). Both of these courses allow students to explore a specialized topic of particular interest with a faculty member and a small group of students.

Over the course of their time at L&C, students will fulfill a set of requirements (categories below) designed to ensure they graduate having explored the breadth of the college’s curriculum.

Courses meeting General Education requirements (except for First-Year Seminars) may also be counted toward a major. No course may meet more than one General Education requirement, except that a course might satisfy Bibliographic Research in Writing, as well as another requirement. General Education courses account for approximately one-third of each student’s total coursework.

Credit earned for independent study, directed study, practica, or internships is not allowed to fulfill General Education requirements. With the exception of Physical Education and Well-Being courses that are only offered for CR/NC, only courses taken for a letter grade will apply to General Education requirements.

First-Year Seminars

(8 semester credits)

Lewis & Clark’s dynamic First-Year Seminar courses, Words and Numbers, develop students’ skills in analysis and both oral and written communication. These are not one-size-fits-all writing and math courses. Instead, students select from a menu of sections addressing a variety of urgent current issues and profound eternal questions. The foundational abilities honed along the way will begin to equip students for college and a life of learning, engagement, and leadership.

Each section is designed as an introduction to college inquiry and our community of scholars. Within each section, a faculty member joins a small group of students in critically exploring a topic about which they share a passion. These courses honor individual student backgrounds, perspectives, and experiences while asking students to challenge themselves to think in new ways and expose themselves to new ideas. All sections engage meaningfully with diversity, equity, and inclusion.

Students take either CORE 120 Words or CORE 121 Numbers in their first semester and the other in their second semester.

Words teaches students to explore the meaning and significance of texts via close reading and analysis, and to express that analysis in writing.

Numbers teaches students to interpret quantitative information presented in various forms and contexts; to understand the logical structure of quantitative arguments; and to use quantitative models, theories, and data to simplify, explain, and make predictions.

First-Year Seminar Requirement

Students must complete the First-Year Seminar requirement in their first two semesters at Lewis & Clark. The two-part program may be completed in either order, but students must enroll in one First-Year Seminar each semester of their first year.

Students may withdraw from First-Year Seminar courses only with the approval of the director of the Office of General Education.*

Students who (1) fail to successfully complete a First-Year Seminar course, (2) are approved to take a leave of absence during a semester in which taking First-Year Seminar would be required, or (3) obtain an AES deferral must, in each subsequent semester they are in attendance, take at least one First-Year Seminar course until they have satisfied the requirement. No student can participate in an overseas or off-campus program until the First Year Seminar requirements have been completed.

Students Enrolled in Our Academic English Studies Courses

With the approval of the director of the General Education program, in consultation with the AES section head, undergraduate students enrolled in one or more AES courses may be eligible to defer First-Year Seminar coursework while enrolled in AES courses. Students will be required to enroll in a First-Year Seminar course in the semester following the successful completion of AES 222. Official notification must be made to the Office of the Registrar by the director of General Education each semester. At the end of the approved deferral period, students who have deferred First-Year Seminar coursework are required to take CORE 120 Words and CORE 121 Numbers, in either order but consecutive semesters, regardless of class standing. Students who have deferred First-Year Seminar coursework are bound by all other Core requirements as stated above.

Transfer Students

Students matriculating as transfer students are not required to complete the First-Year Seminar courses.


Courses

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CORE 120 Words

Content: Words teaches students to explore the meaning and significance of texts via close reading and analysis, and to express that analysis orally and in writing. Specific content and topics will vary with instructors.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Special registration for first-year students.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.

Print This Course

CORE 121 Numbers

Content: Numbers teaches students to interpret quantitative information presented in various forms and contexts; to understand the logical structure of quantitative arguments; and to use quantitative models, theories, and data to simplify, explain, and make predictions. Specific content and topics will vary with instructors.
Prerequisites: None.
Restrictions: Special registration for first-year students.
Usually offered: Annually, fall and spring semester.
Semester credits: 4.


*Without approval of the director, students may withdraw from a First-Year Seminar course only if withdrawing from all classes during the semester.


Bibliographic Research in Writing

(4 semester credits)

As global citizens, we must speak and act knowledgeably, consider arguments that counter our own, and evaluate the strength of evidence used to support our own and others’ claims. To further these ends, students are required to take one 4-credit course that fosters bibliographic research and writing. Bibliographic Research in Writing (BRW)-designated courses familiarize students with modes of critical inquiry by requiring them to (1) discover and document the existing information available on a research question by identifying and evaluating relevant books, articles, and other types of sources, and (2) create a polished written product that may take the form of a research paper or other academic writing. Students will work closely with faculty in developing and revising their work, make use of print and digital library resources, and draw on the expertise of librarians in the process. The BRW-designated course need not be taken in one’s major. BRW-designated courses may be applied toward a major or minor, and also toward another general education requirement.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a BRW-designated course, students will have:

  • Articulated or investigated a research question that engages with the scholarship of a given field;
  • Identified relevant literature of the scholarship area and documented their research process;
  • Used sources appropriately by considering the information-creation process, authority in context, diversity of perspectives, and the relationship of the sources to one another;
  • Developed a polished written product incorporating revisions based on detailed faculty feedback.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Art
Modern European Art
Modern China
Art After 1945
Theory in Practice
Memory as Representation
Biology
Animal Behavior
Phylogenetic Biology and Molecular Evolution
Chromosome Structure and Dynamics
Classics
Health and Healing in the Ancient World
Economics
Technology, Institutions, and Economic Growth
English
Renaissance Medicine in Literature
Topics in Literature
Text and Image
Radical Film
Animals and Animal Rights in Literature
From Scroll to Codex: Working With Medieval Manuscripts
Medieval Literature
Romanticism in the Age of Revolution
Modern British and Irish Literature
Chaucer
Major Figures
Environmental Studies
Environmental Analysis
(Un)Natural Disasters
French
French Literature and Society
History
Making Modern China
Asian American History in the U.S.
20th-Century Germany
Medieval Europe, 800 to 1400
The Holocaust in Comparative Perspective
Eastern Europe: Borderlands and Bloodlands
Histories of Indigenous Peoples in North America (Turtle Island)
African American History Since 1863
Public History Lab
Modern European Intellectual History
History of Soviet Russia
Immigration and Asylum Law
International Affairs
International Political Economy
Mathematics
Geometry
Music
Workshops in World Music
The Symphony
Music and Social Justice
History of Western Music I
History of Western Music II
Music of the Middle East & North Africa
Topics in Music
Writing About Music
Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy
Ethics
Philosophy of Religion
Indian Philosophy
Philosophy of Law
Data, Privacy, and Ethics
Philosophical Methods
Ancient Western Philosophy
19th-Century Philosophy
Recent Continental Philosophy
Ethical Theory
Political Science
Research Methods in Political Science
Transitions to Democracy and Authoritarianism
Public Policy
Law, Lawyers, and Society
Civil Society, Politics, and the State
Religious Studies
Religion and Violence
Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine
Jewish Origins
Christian Origins
Religion and Culture of Hindu India
Medieval Christianity
Gender, Sex, Jews, and Christians: Ancient World
Gender in American Religious History
Religions of the Northwest
Mormonism in the American Religious Context
Social and Religious World of Early Judaism and Christianity
Family, Gender, and Religion: Ethnographic Approaches
Mysticism and Religious Experience
Asceticism
Zen Buddhism
Religious Fundamentalism
Religions of the Northwest
Mysticism and Religious Experience
Rhetoric and Media Studies
Public Discourse
Rhetorical Criticism
Discourse Analysis
Politics of Public Memory
Sociology and Anthropology
Ethnographic Research Methods
Reading "Texts": Discourse, Visual, and Material Analysis
Research Theory and Design
Theatre
Oregon Shakespeare Festival
Theatre and Society: Global Foundations
Theatre and Society: Modern Continental Drama
Topics in Global Theatre and Performance
World Languages and Literatures
Topics in World Literatures

Creative Arts

(4 semester credits)

The practice and study of the creative arts increase students’ understanding of their own creative powers and potential, others’ artistry, and the historical and cultural contexts surrounding artistic creation. The arts provide us insights into ourselves and the complexities and ambiguities of artistic representation, meaning, and culture. Students at Lewis & Clark should therefore acquire, as part of their general education, an awareness of this unique yet foundational way of knowing, forging, and experiencing the world and themselves.

Students may fulfill the creative arts requirement either by engaging in the creative process through courses in artistic production (e.g., the creation of studio art, media, design, music performance and composition, dance, theatre, creative writing) or courses in the study of artistic production (e.g., art history, literature, music history and theory, aesthetics).

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a Creative Arts General Education course, students will have demonstrated their knowledge of an art, an artistic process, its meaning, and/or the interpretation of an art through one or more of the following:

  • The production of an artistic artifact/performance;
  • The analysis of artistic technique, form, and/or process;
  • The analysis of the frameworks of artistic production, representation, and reception (e.g., historical, cultural, theoretical, or global).

Students will have also developed their own informed artistic perspective by cultivating both a sense of receptivity to artistic expression and an understanding of art's materials, techniques, concepts, and forms.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Art
European and North American Art
Digital Media I
Sculpture I
Drawing I
Ceramics I
Painting Fundamentals
Figure Painting
Photography I
Chinese Art
Modern European Art
Pre-Columbian Art
Ancient Greek and Roman Art
Art & Ecology: Material Matters
Global Baroque
Italian Renaissance Art and Architecture
Realism, Photography, and Print Culture in the 19th Century
Art of New York
Studio Seminar on Contemporary Art Theory and Practice
Modern Architecture
Ovid and the Visual Arts
Special Topics in Studio Art
Visual Perspectives on Dante's Divine Comedy
Modern China
Art After 1945
Theory in Practice
Memory as Representation
Chinese
Introduction to Chinese Literature in Translation
Topics in Chinese Literature in Translation
Classics
Art and Archaeology of the Aegean
Attic Tragedy
Topography and Monuments of Athens
English
Introductory Topics in Literature
The Art of the Novel
Jane Austen
Films Adapting Fiction
Creative Writing: Fiction 1
Creative Writing: Poetry 1
Creative Writing: Nonfiction 1
Introduction to American Literature
Writing and Illness
Renaissance Medicine in Literature
Topics in Literature
The Brontës: Legends and Legacies
Text and Image
Women Writers
Radical Film
Women and Film
Law and Literature
Animals and Animal Rights in Literature
From Scroll to Codex: Working With Medieval Manuscripts
Creative Writing: Fiction 2
Creative Writing: Poetry 2
Creative Writing: Nonfiction 2
Ancient Masterpieces and English Literature
Medieval Literature
Literature of the English Renaissance
The Early English Novel
Satire and Sentiment, 1660-1780
Romanticism in the Age of Revolution
The Victorians: Heroes, Decadents, and Madwomen
Modern British and Irish Literature
Modern Poetry
Postcolonial Literature: Anglophone Africa, India, Caribbean
Inventing America: Literature of Colonialism and the Early Republic, 1540-1830
National Sins, National Dreams: American Literature 1830-1865
Getting Real: Post-Civil War American Literature
American Modernism
Post-World War II American Literature
African American Literature
Chaucer
Shakespeare: Early Works
Shakespeare: Later Works
Major Figures
Special Topics in Literature
Topics in Literary Theory/Criticism
Creative Writing: Nonfiction 3
French
French Composition and Conversation
Introduction to French Literary Studies
Francophone Literature
French Literature and Society
Topics in French and Francophone Literature
Major Periods in French Literature
Special Topics
Gender Studies
Gender and Aesthetic Expression
German
German Literature in Translation
Introduction to Literary Studies
Introduction to German Literary and Cultural Studies in English
Topics in German Literature and Culture
Major Periods in German Literature From the Beginning to Enlightenment
Special Topics in German
Music
Beginning Keyboard Skills Class
Intermediate Keyboard Skills Class
Orchestra
Wind Symphony
Jazz Combos
Voces Auream Treble Chorus
Community Chorale
Cappella Nova
Vocal Performance Workshop
Gamelan Ensemble
Songwriting Private Lessons
Ghanaian Music Ensemble
Zimbabwean Music Ensemble
Indian Music Ensemble
Latin American Music Ensemble
Beginning Voice Class
Beginning Piano Class
Beginning Guitar Class
Percussion Ensemble
Banjo Private Lessons
Applied Brass Lessons
Applied String Lessons
Applied Woodwind Lessons
Hindustani Voice Private Lessons
Sitar Private Lessons
Tabla Private Lessons
Charango Private Lessons
Cuatro Private Lessons
Shamisen Private Lessons
Fiddle Private Lessons
Jazz Voice Private Lessons
Classical Guitar Private Lessons
Folk Guitar Private Lessons
Jazz Guitar Private Lessons
Electric Bass Guitar Private Lessons
Flamenco Guitar Private Lessons
Jazz Piano Private Lessons
Classical Piano Private Lessons
Harpsichord Private Lessons
Organ Private Lessons
Voice Private Lessons
Violin Private Lessons
Viola Private Lessons
Cello Private Lessons
Bass Private Lessons
Harp Private Lessons
Flute Private Lessons
Oboe Private Lessons
Clarinet Private Lessons
Saxophone Private Lessons
Bassoon Private Lessons
Trumpet Private Lessons
Horn Private Lessons
Trombone Private Lessons
Euphonium Private Lessons
Tuba Private Lessons
Drumset & Percussion Private Lessons
Jazz Drum Set Private Lessons
Mandolin Private Lessons
Ghanaian Percussion Private Lessons
Guitar Ensemble
Chamber Music Ensembles
Intermediate Guitar Class
Intermediate Piano Class
Accompanying Class
Advanced Jazz Voice Private Lessons
Advanced Electronic Music Private Lessons
Advanced Classical Guitar Private Lessons
Advanced Folk Guitar Private Lessons
Advanced Jazz Guitar Private Lessons
Advanced Electric Bass Private Lessons
Advanced Jazz Piano Private Lessons
Advanced Piano Private Lessons
Advanced Organ Private Lessons
Advanced Voice Private Lessons
Advanced Violin Private Lessons
Advanced Viola Private Lessons
Advanced Cello Private Lessons
Advanced Bass Private Lessons
Advanced Harp Private Lessons
Advanced Flute Private Lessons
Advanced Oboe Private Lessons
Advanced Clarinet Private Lessons
Advanced Saxophone Private Lessons
Advanced Bassoon Private Lessons
Advanced Trumpet Private Lessons
Advanced Horn Private Lessons
Advanced Trombone Private Lessons
Advanced Euphonium Private Lessons
Advanced Tuba Private Lessons
Advanced Percussion Private Lessons
Composition Private Lessons
Advanced Jazz Drum Set Private Lessons
Music Theory Fundamentals
Jazz Appreciation
Sound and Sense: Understanding Music
Workshops in World Music
Music in the United States
The Broadway Musical
Chamber Music
The Symphony
Music and Social Justice
Music Theory I
Contemporary Trends in Music
History of Western Music I
History of Western Music II
Music Theory II
Introduction to Electronic Music
Music of the Middle East & North Africa
Music of Asia
Music of Latin America
Music Theory III
Piano Literature
Vocal Literature
Art & Science of the Voice
Music Theory IV: Contemporary
Portland Music Scenes
Topics in Music
Topics in Music, Comparative and North American
Jazz Theory
Seminar in Electronic Music
Orchestration
Counterpoint
Conducting
Advanced Conducting
Writing About Music
Topics in History and Music I
Senior Project
Overseas and Off-Campus Programs
Art and Culture in India
The Fine Arts in Contemporary London
20th Century Art and Architecture
Irish Literature and Theatre
Topics in Art History
History of New York
Rhetoric and Media Studies
Media Design and Criticism
The Documentary Form
Digital Media and Society
Queer Film and Television
American Cinema Studies: Advanced Analysis and Criticism
Television and American Culture
Russian
Topics in Russian Literature and Culture in Translation
Spanish
Latin America and Spain: Pre-Columbian to Baroque
Topics in Peninsular Culture
Topics in Transatlantic Culture
Topics in Latin American Culture
Theatre
Stage Makeup
Costume Design
Fundamentals of Movement
Ballet
Contemporary Dance Technique
Theatre Laboratory
Acting I: Fundamentals
Contact Improvisation
Social Dance Forms: History, Practice, and Social Significance
Stagecraft
Acting II: Realism
Dance in Context: History and Criticism
Voice and Movement
Fundamentals of Design
Creative Movement
Stage Lighting
Performance From the Inside Out
Oregon Shakespeare Festival
Theatre in New York
Introduction to Playwriting
Theatre and Society: Global Foundations
Theatre and Society: Modern Continental Drama
Playing at the Border: Migration and Art
Directing
Dance Composition and Improvisation
Acting III: Style
Design for Performance
The History and Theory of Modern and Contemporary Performance
Rehearsal and Performance: Main Stage Production
Devised Performance
American Drama: Minoritarian Perspectives
Topics in Global Theatre and Performance
World Languages and Literatures
Topics in World Literatures

Culture, Power, and Identity

(4 semester credits)

Courses in this category recognize culture, power, and identity as consequential themes within a liberal arts education. These themes have emerged in various disciplines as critical lenses for grappling with historical and current discrimination, domination, and inequality. These courses also invite us to consider how broader structures of power interact with culture and/or identity to operate with respect to our community’s varied histories and experiences. Courses that meet this requirement approach various topics from a range of analytical perspectives across the full scope of social, cultural, political, economic, scientific, psychological, and artistic processes represented in the Lewis & Clark curriculum. As students investigate the interplay of culture, power, and/or identity, they learn to cultivate communication practices, critical reflection on their own position, and/or recognition of different experiences, identities, and perspectives.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a Culture, Power, and Identity General Education course, students will have critically examined one or both of the following:

  • How dynamic structures of culture and power affect society and individuals via social, cultural, political, economic, scientific, psychological, and/or artistic processes in historical and/or contemporary contexts;
  • How individuals, embedded within structures of power, shape interactions in historical and/or contemporary contexts.

Students will have also cultivated at least one of the following practices:

  • Collaborative and productive communication about culture, power, and/or identity in their community;
  • Critical reflection on their own position in relation to culture and power;
  • Recognition of different experiences, identities, and perspectives.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Art
Sculpture I
Modern European Art
Pre-Columbian Art
Art & Ecology: Material Matters
Realism, Photography, and Print Culture in the 19th Century
Modern China
Art After 1945
Asian Studies
Introduction to Contemporary Asian Studies
Classics
Roman Women
Economics
The Financial System and the Economy
Radical Political Economics
English
Radical Film
Law and Literature
African American Literature
Environmental Studies
Environmental Engagement
(Un)Natural Disasters
Environmental Theory
Ethnic Studies
Introduction to Ethnic Studies
Topics in Race and Ethnic Studies
French
Francophone Literature
French Literature and Society
Gender Studies
Gender and Sexuality in U.S. Society
Genders and Sexualities in Global Perspective
History
Making Modern China
Making Modern Japan
Introduction to Korea: Origins to the 21st Century
Modern European History
United States: Revolution to Empire
The United States in the 20th Century
Colonial Latin American History
Modern Latin American History
Asian American History in the U.S.
Japan at War
The Emergence of Modern South Asia
Tudor and Stuart Britain, 1485 to 1688
Britain in the Age of Revolution, 1688 to 1815
The Making of Modern Britain, 1815 to Present
20th-Century Germany
The Holocaust in Comparative Perspective
Eastern Europe: Borderlands and Bloodlands
U.S. Women's History, 1600 to 1980
Histories of Indigenous Peoples in North America (Turtle Island)
Constructing the American Landscape
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
Borderlands: U.S.-Mexico Border, 16th Century to Present
African American History Since 1863
India in the Age of Empire
Global Environmental History
From Stumptown to Portlandia: The History of Portland
Religion, Society, and the State in Japanese History
Popular Culture and Everyday Life in Japanese History
History of Islam in Europe
The British Empire
Crime and Punishment in the United States
Race and Nation in Latin America
Modern Mexico: Culture, Politics, and Economic Crisis
Modern Cuba
What's for Dinner
Immigration and Asylum Law
Cross-Cultural Law & Justice in Early America
Japanese
Topics in Japanese Literature in Translation
Music
Jazz Appreciation
Sound and Sense: Understanding Music
Workshops in World Music
Music and Social Justice
Music of the Middle East & North Africa
Music of Asia
Music of Latin America
Portland Music Scenes
Topics in Music
Overseas and Off-Campus Programs
Area Studies: East Africa History, Culture, and Change
Contemporary East Africa
Moroccan Modernity
Gender and Society in Morocco
Development in India
Thai History and Society
Contemporary England
Contemporary Germany
Irish Life & Cultures
The Irish Welfare System
Emigration in Italy and Europe During the Globalization Era
Contemporary Ecuador
Contemporary Australia
Indigenous Studies
Repeated Colonization, a History of New Zealand
Philosophy
Ethics
Philosophy of Religion
Indian Philosophy
Philosophy of Law
Philosophy and the Environment
Data, Privacy, and Ethics
19th-Century Philosophy
Recent Continental Philosophy
Ethical Theory
Political Science
American Constitutional Law: Equal Protection and Due Process
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Plato to Machiavelli
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Revolution and the Social Contract
Pillars of Western Political Thought: The Fate of Democracy
Global Justice
Ethics and Public Policy
Religion and Politics
Psychology
Social Construction of Madness
Advanced Topics in Social Psychology
Religious Studies
Apocalyptic Imagination
Jewish Origins
Christian Origins
Power, Politics, and Scripture
The Reformations of the 16th Century
Prophets, Seekers, and Heretics: U.S. Religious History from 1492 to 1865
Religion in Modern America, 1865 to Present
Islamic Political and Social Movements
Gender, Sex, Jews, and Christians: Ancient World
Gender in American Religious History
Family, Gender, and Religion: Ethnographic Approaches
Religious Fundamentalism
Rhetoric and Media Studies
Rhetoric, Colonialism & the Western Imaginary
Data and Democracy
Media Theory
Politics of Public Memory
Comparative Rhetoric
Health Narratives
Argument and Social Justice
Rhetoric of Gender in Relationships
Digital Media and Society
Queer Film and Television
Science, Technology, and Society
Feminist Discourse Analysis
Television and American Culture
Russian
Topics in Russian Literature and Culture in Translation
Sociology/Anthropology
Introduction to Sociology
Introduction to Cultural Anthropology
Social Change
Social Power of Music
Ethnography of Jews and Judaism
Work, Leisure, and Consumption
Race and Ethnicity in Global Perspective
Reproductive Justice: Bodies, Health, and Society
Space, Place, and Landscape
Gender and Sexuality in Latin America
Gender and Sexuality in South Asia
Social Change in Latin America
Pacific Rim Cities
Anthropology of Print Media
Culture and Power in the Middle East
Social Theory
Religion, Society, and Modernity
Theory Through Ethnography
Power, Privilege, and Inequality
Power and Resistance
Borderlands: Tibet and the Himalaya
Indigenous Peoples: Identities and Politics
Decolonizing Anthropology
Theatre
Social Dance Forms: History, Practice, and Social Significance
Dance in Context: History and Criticism
Theatre and Society: Global Foundations
Playing at the Border: Migration and Art
American Drama: Minoritarian Perspectives
Topics in Global Theatre and Performance
World Languages and Literatures
Topics in World Literatures

Global Perspectives

(4 semester credits)

To become educated citizens of an interdependent world, all Lewis & Clark students are expected to gain a critical understanding of perspectives, politics, economics, societies, religions, creative arts, and/or cultures distinct from the United States, sometimes through comparison with the United States. This understanding can occur either through immersion in another global region’s culture as part of an overseas study program or via a classroom experience.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the Global Perspectives requirement, students will have:

  • Gained a critical understanding of perspectives, politics, economics, societies, religions, creative arts, and/or cultures distinct from those of the United States, or of regional or global trends therein; and/or
  • Fostered recognition and development of cross-cultural skills by comparing United States perspectives in politics, economics, societies, religions, creative arts, and/or cultures with those of other countries and regions.

Students may fulfill the Global Perspectives requirement in one of two ways:

  • By successfully completing at least 8 credits on a fall, spring, or summer semester Lewis & Clark overseas study program.
  • By successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Please note that language-acquisition courses require intervention from the registrar’s office to be applied.

Academic English Studies
Developing Intercultural Competence
Art
European and North American Art
Chinese Art
Modern European Art
Pre-Columbian Art
Ancient Greek and Roman Art
Global Baroque
Italian Renaissance Art and Architecture
Visual Perspectives on Dante's Divine Comedy
Modern China
Asian Studies
Introduction to Contemporary Asian Studies
Chinese
Introduction to Chinese Literature in Translation
Topics in Chinese Literature in Translation
Classics
Introduction to Ancient Greek Thought and Culture
Introduction to Ancient Roman Thought and Culture
History of Byzantium
Art and Archaeology of the Aegean
Topography and Monuments of Athens
Greek and Roman Epic
Roman Women
Economics
Economic Development
Technology, Institutions, and Economic Growth
Economic Crises and Financial Contagions
Global Health Economics
International Finance
English
Modern British and Irish Literature
Postcolonial Literature: Anglophone Africa, India, Caribbean
Environmental Studies
Introduction to Environmental Studies
Situating the Global Environment
French
Intermediate French II: Reading in Cultural Context
French Composition and Conversation
Introduction to French Literary Studies
Francophone Literature
French Literature and Society
Topics in French and Francophone Literature
Major Periods in French Literature
Special Topics
Gender Studies
Genders and Sexualities in Global Perspective
German
German Literature in Translation
German Composition and Conversation
Introduction to Literary Studies
Introduction to German Literary and Cultural Studies in English
Topics in German Literature and Culture
Major Periods in German Literature From the Beginning to Enlightenment
Special Topics in German
Health Studies
Global Health
History
Early East Asian History
Making Modern China
Making Modern Japan
Introduction to Korea: Origins to the 21st Century
Modern European History
Colonial Latin American History
Modern Latin American History
Japan at War
Ancient Greece
The Emergence of Modern South Asia
Ancient Rome: From Republic to Empire
Tudor and Stuart Britain, 1485 to 1688
Britain in the Age of Revolution, 1688 to 1815
The Making of Modern Britain, 1815 to Present
20th-Century Germany
The Holocaust in Comparative Perspective
Eastern Europe: Borderlands and Bloodlands
Borderlands: U.S.-Mexico Border, 16th Century to Present
India in the Age of Empire
Global Environmental History
China in the News: Socio-Anthropological and Historical Perspective on Modern China
Religion, Society, and the State in Japanese History
Popular Culture and Everyday Life in Japanese History
Modern European Intellectual History
History of Islam in Europe
History of Soviet Russia
The British Empire
Race and Nation in Latin America
Modern Mexico: Culture, Politics, and Economic Crisis
Modern Cuba
What's for Dinner
Immigration and Asylum Law
International Affairs
Introduction to International Relations
Perception and International Relations
Japanese
Topics in Japanese Literature in Translation
Readings and Composition in Japanese
Readings and Composition in Japanese II
Advanced Readings in Japanese: Society and Culture
Advanced Readings in Japanese: Fiction and Nonfiction
Latin American and Latinx Culture
Latin American and Latinx Cultural Studies
Music
Workshops in World Music
The Symphony
Music and Social Justice
History of Western Music I
History of Western Music II
Music of the Middle East & North Africa
Music of Asia
Music of Latin America
Portland Music Scenes
Topics in Music
Topics in History and Music I
Music Performance
Gamelan Ensemble
Ghanaian Music Ensemble
Zimbabwean Music Ensemble
Indian Music Ensemble
Latin American Music Ensemble
Hindustani Voice Private Lessons
Sitar Private Lessons
Tabla Private Lessons
Charango Private Lessons
Cuatro Private Lessons
Shamisen Private Lessons
Flamenco Guitar Private Lessons
Ghanaian Percussion Private Lessons
Overseas and Off-Campus Programs
Area Studies: East Africa History, Culture, and Change
Contemporary East Africa
Morocco: Development & Sustainability
Moroccan Modernity
Gender and Society in Morocco
Language and Society in India
Development in India
Art and Culture in India
Area Studies: South Asia
Thai History and Society
Sustainability and Natural Resources
Topics in Southeast Asia
Contemporary England
The Fine Arts in Contemporary London
Topics in Humanities: London
Modern Greece: Language and Culture
History of Modern Berlin: From 1815 to Present
Contemporary Germany
20th Century Art and Architecture
Metropolitan Development: Urban Studies in Comparative Perspective
Irish Life & Cultures
The Irish Welfare System
Irish Literature and Theatre
Topics in Art History
Religious Cultures and Traditions in Italy
Introduction to Sociolinguistics
Emigration in Italy and Europe During the Globalization Era
Contemporary Ecuador
Area Study: Australia
Contemporary Australia
Indigenous Studies
Cultural Ecology of New Zealand
Repeated Colonization, a History of New Zealand
Environment, Society & Natural Resource Management
Philosophy
Philosophy of Religion
Indian Philosophy
Ancient Western Philosophy
19th-Century Philosophy
Recent Continental Philosophy
Political Science
Introduction to Comparative Politics
Transitions to Democracy and Authoritarianism
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Plato to Machiavelli
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Revolution and the Social Contract
Pillars of Western Political Thought: The Fate of Democracy
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective
Civil Society, Politics, and the State
European Politics
Psychology
Culture, Film, and Psychology
Cross-Cultural Psychology
Religious Studies
Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine
Religion and Culture of Hindu India
Religions and Cultures of East Asia
Buddhism: Theory, Culture, and Practice
Introduction to Islam
Islamic Political and Social Movements
Family, Gender, and Religion: Ethnographic Approaches
Mysticism and Religious Experience
Asceticism
Zen Buddhism
Seminar in Islamic Studies: Islamic Law
Mysticism and Religious Experience
Zen Buddhism
Rhetoric and Media Studies
Rhetoric, Colonialism & the Western Imaginary
Politics of Public Memory
Comparative Rhetoric
Russian
Topics in Russian Literature and Culture in Translation
Readings and Conversation in Russian
Russian Composition and Conversation
Sociology/Anthropology
International Migration
Ethnography of Jews and Judaism
Race and Ethnicity in Global Perspective
Southeast Asia: Development, Resistance, and Social Change
Gender and Sexuality in Latin America
Gender and Sexuality in South Asia
Critical Perspectives on Development
Social Change in Latin America
Pacific Rim Cities
Anthropology of Print Media
Culture and Power in the Middle East
Religion, Society, and Modernity
Power and Resistance
Borderlands: Tibet and the Himalaya
Indigenous Peoples: Identities and Politics
Global Inequality
Decolonizing Anthropology
Anthropology of Tourism: Travel in Asia
Spanish
Latin America and Spain: Pre-Columbian to Baroque
Topics in Peninsular Culture
Topics in Transatlantic Culture
Topics in Latin American Culture
Theatre
Theatre and Society: Global Foundations
Theatre and Society: Modern Continental Drama
Playing at the Border: Migration and Art
Topics in Global Theatre and Performance
World Languages and Literatures
Topics in World Literatures

Historical Perspectives

(4 semester credits)

Global citizenship requires us to understand perspectives and contexts other than our own. These contexts and perspectives may be geographic and cultural, and they may be temporal. The Historical Perspectives requirement engages students in explanations and understandings from outside our present moment, illustrating how our present arises from our past. Historical Perspectives courses attend to how the stories we tell about the past are historically influenced by cultural, social, political, economic, and religious motivations, and to the ways that our current explanations and understandings of the world are contingent. By studying events, texts, art, artifacts, and ideas from the past—and the narratives we construct about them—students expand their imaginative and interpretative capacities and cultivate skepticism and humility in understanding the world beyond the present moment.

Courses fulfilling the Historical Perspectives requirement present students with opportunities to learn about events, texts, art, artifacts, or ideas significantly removed from the present perspective, i.e., before 1945, a year marking a significant break in global history.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a Historical Perspectives General Education course, students will have:

  • Explained and demonstrated an understanding of contexts or perspectives from outside the current era;
  • Explained or evaluated events, texts, art, artifacts, or ideas from before 1945, including primary sources;
  • Placed cultures, events, objects, texts, or ideas from before 1945 in conversation with one another and/or with the present moment.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Art
European and North American Art
Chinese Art
Modern European Art
Pre-Columbian Art
Ancient Greek and Roman Art
Global Baroque
Italian Renaissance Art and Architecture
Realism, Photography, and Print Culture in the 19th Century
Modern Architecture
Visual Perspectives on Dante's Divine Comedy
Modern China
Classics
Ancient Greek Myth: Gods and Goddesses, Heroines and Heroes
Introduction to Ancient Greek Thought and Culture
Introduction to Ancient Roman Thought and Culture
History of Byzantium
Art and Archaeology of the Aegean
Attic Tragedy
Health and Healing in the Ancient World
Topography and Monuments of Athens
Greek and Roman Epic
Roman Women
English
Introduction to American Literature
Renaissance Medicine in Literature
The Brontës: Legends and Legacies
Animals and Animal Rights in Literature
From Scroll to Codex: Working With Medieval Manuscripts
Ancient Masterpieces and English Literature
Medieval Literature
The Early English Novel
Satire and Sentiment, 1660-1780
Romanticism in the Age of Revolution
The Victorians: Heroes, Decadents, and Madwomen
Modern British and Irish Literature
Inventing America: Literature of Colonialism and the Early Republic, 1540-1830
National Sins, National Dreams: American Literature 1830-1865
Getting Real: Post-Civil War American Literature
American Modernism
African American Literature
Chaucer
Ethnic Studies
Introduction to Ethnic Studies
French
French Literature and Society
Topics in French and Francophone Literature
Major Periods in French Literature
German
Special Topics in German
History
Early East Asian History
Making Modern China
Making Modern Japan
Introduction to Korea: Origins to the 21st Century
Early European History
Modern European History
United States: Revolution to Empire
Colonial Latin American History
Modern Latin American History
Asian American History in the U.S.
Japan at War
Ancient Greece
The Emergence of Modern South Asia
Ancient Rome: From Republic to Empire
Tudor and Stuart Britain, 1485 to 1688
Britain in the Age of Revolution, 1688 to 1815
War and Society in Premodern Europe
The Making of Modern Britain, 1815 to Present
20th-Century Germany
Medieval Europe, 800 to 1400
The Holocaust in Comparative Perspective
Eastern Europe: Borderlands and Bloodlands
U.S. Women's History, 1600 to 1980
Histories of Indigenous Peoples in North America (Turtle Island)
Race and Ethnicity in the United States
Borderlands: U.S.-Mexico Border, 16th Century to Present
African American History Since 1863
India in the Age of Empire
Global Environmental History
Religion, Society, and the State in Japanese History
Popular Culture and Everyday Life in Japanese History
Modern European Intellectual History
History of Islam in Europe
History of Soviet Russia
The British Empire
Race and Nation in Latin America
Modern Mexico: Culture, Politics, and Economic Crisis
Modern Cuba
Cross-Cultural Law & Justice in Early America
Music
Jazz Appreciation
Sound and Sense: Understanding Music
The Symphony
Music Theory I
History of Western Music I
History of Western Music II
Music Theory II
Music of the Middle East & North Africa
Music of Asia
Music of Latin America
Music Theory III
Vocal Literature
Music Theory IV: Contemporary
Topics in Music
Counterpoint
Topics in History and Music I
Senior Project
Overseas and Off-Campus Programs
Area Studies: East Africa History, Culture, and Change
Thai History and Society
History of Modern Berlin: From 1815 to Present
20th Century Art and Architecture
Topics in Art History
Religious Cultures and Traditions in Italy
Contemporary Ecuador
History of New York
Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy
Philosophy of Religion
Indian Philosophy
Ancient Western Philosophy
Early Modern Philosophy
19th-Century Philosophy
Recent Continental Philosophy
Political Science
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Plato to Machiavelli
Pillars of Western Political Thought: Revolution and the Social Contract
Pillars of Western Political Thought: The Fate of Democracy
Religious Studies
Food and Religion in America
Apocalyptic Imagination
Jewish Origins
Christian Origins
The Reformations of the 16th Century
Religion and Culture of Hindu India
Religions and Cultures of East Asia
Buddhism: Theory, Culture, and Practice
Medieval Christianity
Prophets, Seekers, and Heretics: U.S. Religious History from 1492 to 1865
Religion in Modern America, 1865 to Present
Introduction to Islam
Gender, Sex, Jews, and Christians: Ancient World
Gender in American Religious History
Religions of the Northwest
Mormonism in the American Religious Context
Social and Religious World of Early Judaism and Christianity
Asceticism
Zen Buddhism
Religions of the Northwest
Seminar: Social and Religious World of Early Judaism and Christianity
Seminar in Islamic Studies: Islamic Law
Zen Buddhism
Rhetoric and Media Studies
Rhetorical Theory
Russian
Russian Composition and Conversation
Theatre
Dance in Context: History and Criticism
Theatre and Society: Global Foundations
Theatre and Society: Modern Continental Drama
Acting III: Style

Natural Sciences

(4 semester credits)

To prepare for lifelong learning and civic leadership in an interdependent world, students must be familiar with scientific inquiry and reasoning methods that lead to evidence-based explanations of natural phenomena and inform the development of technology. Lewis & Clark students make necessary progress toward this goal by completing at least one course in the natural sciences.

To register for many of the courses that fulfill this requirement, the student must first do one of the following: (a) earn the appropriate score on a quantitative reasoning examination; (b) receive a score of 4 or 5 on an AP exam in calculus AB or BC; (c) receive a score of 5, 6, or 7 on an International Baccalaureate higher-level mathematics exam; (d) successfully complete QR 101 or another prerequisite course. Some courses have additional prerequisites (see course descriptions).

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a Natural Sciences General Education course, students will have:

  • Recognized science as an iterative, exploratory process that requires both reasoning and creativity;
  • Come to understand that scientific principles result from the analysis of evidence collected through experimental or observational approaches;
  • Developed and used skills for analysis and interpretation of scientific data;
  • Demonstrated familiarity with the use of data to generate and answer questions about natural phenomena;
  • Become familiar with the major concepts of at least one field of the natural sciences; and
  • Assessed the broader impact of topics discussed in the course.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least 4 semester credits from courses listed below.

Biology
Perspectives in Biology
Biological Investigations
Explorations in Regional Biology
Biological Core Concepts: Systems
Biological Core Concepts: Mechanisms
Ecology
Chemistry
Perspectives in Environmental Chemistry
Perspectives in Nutrition
General Chemistry I
General Chemistry II
Organic Chemistry I
Organic Chemistry II
Earth System Science
Environmental Geology
Climate Science
Issues in Oceanography
The Fundamentals of Hydrology
Topics in Earth System Science
Spatial Problems in Earth System Science
Entrepreneurial Leadership and Innovation
Technologies of the Future
Physics
Astronomy
The Physics of Music
Great Ideas in Physics
Introductory General Physics I
Introductory General Physics II
Physics I: Motion
Physics II: Waves and Matter
Psychology
Behavioral Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience

Physical Education and Well-Being

(Two courses/2 semester credits)

Physical education is a facet of the liberal arts tradition that stresses the interdependence of the physical, mental, and social dimensions of human experience. Students will learn to recognize and experience the positive benefits of building physical fitness and self-care habits, explore aspects of the body’s structure and function, and engage in experiences within a group or community setting.

The wide array of classes that satisfy this requirement are offered at many levels and modes of engagement, including physical education courses (with dozens of options from weightlifting to rock climbing to yoga and meditation), varsity sports, and dance and movement classes. Courses promote personal health and well-being, often serving collective purposes of expression and teamwork. Students learn to challenge themselves by setting goals and measuring progress toward those goals.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the requirements of a Physical Education and Well-Being course, students will have:

  • Learned to recognize and experience the positive benefits of building physical well-being and self-care habits as part of the liberal arts tradition;
  • Explored structural and functional aspects of their bodies as part of a healthy relationship with the body;
  • Discovered connections between the mind and body; and
  • Engaged in these experiences within a group or community setting.

Students can meet the requirement by successfully completing at least two courses (for a minimum of 2 semester credits) from those listed below.

Physical Education and Well-Being
Activities
Varsity Athletics
Wilderness Leadership
Music*
Art & Science of the Voice
Conducting
Advanced Conducting
Music Performance*
Voces Auream Treble Chorus
Community Chorale
Cappella Nova
Vocal Performance Workshop
Ghanaian Music Ensemble
Zimbabwean Music Ensemble
Indian Music Ensemble
Latin American Music Ensemble
Beginning Voice Class
Theatre*
Fundamentals of Movement
Ballet
Contemporary Dance Technique
Contact Improvisation
Social Dance Forms: History, Practice, and Social Significance
Creative Movement
Rehearsal and Performance: Dance Extravaganza
Dance Composition and Improvisation

Students may register for no more than one 101 course per semester, except in the summer semester, when one course may be taken each session. The maximum credit in Activities (PE/A 101), Varsity Athletics (PE/A 102), and Wilderness Leadership (PE/A 142) courses that may be applied toward the 128 credits required for graduation is 4 semester credits.


*Theatre and music courses counting toward this requirement may be taken credit/no credit if that grading option is available for the course.

World Language

(Language other than English proficiency requirement)

The study of a language other than one’s own has always been a hallmark of a liberal education and is all the more important in today’s interdependent world. Learning a new language reveals nuances and subtleties that yield insight into cultural practices, values, belief systems, and everyday life in the contemporary world and/or historical contexts.

At Lewis & Clark in particular, language learning has a place of central importance, both because of Lewis & Clark’s historical commitment to global perspectives and because encounters with diverse cultures have become an integral part of the undergraduate program. Not only does language study enhance our appreciation for and sensitivity to the world around us, it also better enables us to understand and appreciate our own languages and cultures. World language proficiency, whether in a modern or classical language, is a requirement for all Lewis & Clark students.

Learning Outcomes

Upon completing the World Language General Education requirement, students will have demonstrated proficiency in a language other than English by having:

  • Obtained a passing grade in any world or classical language course at the 201 level; or
  • Achieved an ACTFL score (for modern languages) equivalent to the 201 level in both speaking and writing; or
  • Met the SCS guidelines (for classical languages) equivalent to the 201 level in reading and translation skills.

Students completing this requirement will have also acquired a familiarity with the cultural, historical, and/or literary contexts of the language studied.

A student can satisfy this requirement in either of the following waysi:

  • By completing study of a language other than English through the 201 level, either on campus or by completing an approved overseas program. (The list of approved programs is available from the Office of Overseas and Off-Campus Programs.)
  • By placing into 202 or above on a language placement examination for a language other than English. (Language placement examinations must be provided by a regionally accredited institution.)ii

Students admitted as international students whose first language is not English are exempt from the World Language requirement.

ii Students admitted as U.S. citizens or dual citizens who have acquired non-English language proficiency by virtue of living in another country must complete a language placement examination from a regionally accredited institution. If no regionally accredited institution offers a placement examination in the language, other testing alternatives may be available. Please see the registrar’s office for information and procedure.